Latest Outcomes
Table of Contents
1. Hip Resurfacing
Updated 2/2024
In my (Dr. Gross’) opinion, Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty (HRA) is the best way to reconstruct a severely arthritic hip. It is more complicated to perform than a standard Total Hip replacement (THR); therefore, few surgeons are willing to offer this procedure. In the major joint registry reports, THR has better implant survivorship in most groups of patients (except in men with osteoarthritis who are under 60 years old).
However, registries measure outcomes for average surgeons. The average surgeon performs less than 2.5 HRA cases/year. This is not adequate to be an expert. In reports by high-volume hip resurfacing surgeons, results are much better than the registries suggest.
Dr. Gross has now performed over 6800 Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty (HRA) procedures over the last 20 years and currently performs nearly 500 cases/year. The proven advantages of HRA are better function, longer implant survivorship, fewer dislocations, no thigh pain (from a THR stem), bone preservation, and longer life expectancy than THR patients.
HRA does not result in a normal hip. But, when done by an expert, it more nearly approaches a normal hip in biomechanics and function and patients are more likely to resume heavy work and impact sports than they could with a THR. Long-distance running is even possible for many (but not all) patients. Also, activities that require an extreme range of motion such as full squats, yoga, gymnastics, and ballet are possible because HRA has near-normal stability.
There are several other HRA surgeons in the world who have reported similar long-term implant survivorship data. There is only one single-surgeon report of ceramic-ceramic THR from Korea that can match the results reported here. Most failures occur during the first two years after surgery, which is why it is critical to severely limit activities in the first 6 months to allow adequate healing. After that, a patient can gradually return to completely unrestricted activity. There remains a slow rate of failure that occurs over time. But this does not seem to be affected by activity.
Therefore, the overall failure rate increases for a group of patients as the length of follow-up increases. Herein, we report implant survivorship, for all three of our HRA implant groups (we no longer use Corin or Biomet hybrid implants; we exclusively use Biomet uncemented implants). Not all complications lead to failure.
Below is a complete list of ALL major complications (not just failures/causes for revision) in the >5500 HRA cases performed using the Biomet uncemented system between 2007 and 2021. This allows a minimum of 2 years follow-up.
Group I: Failures (requires revision surgery) – TOTAL: 59/5684 (1.0%)
Cause of Failure/Revision |
# cases |
|---|---|
| Femoral neck fracture | 17 |
| Failure of acetabular ingrowth | 11 |
| Adverse-wear related failure | 4 |
| Femoral head collapse (osteonecrosis) | 3 |
| Late acetabular loosening | 5 |
| Component Shift | 4 |
| Late Fracture | 5 |
| Early Infection | 5 |
| Unknown Cause (revised elsewhere) | 4 |
| Recurrent Instability | 2 |
| Unexplained Pain | 5 |
| Late Infection | 1 |
| Psoas Tendonitis | 1 |
Group II: Complications (requires reoperation*) – TOTAL: 30/5684 (0.5%)
*implants are not removed during reoperation
Cause of Reoperation |
# cases |
|---|---|
| Late Fracture ( > 6 months) | 6 |
| Early Fracture ( < 6 months) | 5 |
| Deep Infection (cured) | 5 |
| Hematoma | 3 |
| Fascia Failure | 5 |
| Superficial Infection (cured) | 3 |
| Other | 2 |
| Dislocation | 1 |
| Abductor Tear | 1 |
| Acetabular Cup Shift | 1 |
| Psoas Tendonitis | 1 |
Group III: Other complications (conservative treatment) – TOTAL: 145/5684 (2.6%)
Complication |
# cases |
|---|---|
| Acetabular component shift (nonsymptomatic) | 30 |
| Dislocation | 26 |
| Cardiovascular complication | 20 |
| Nerve Palsy/Injury | 11 |
| Urinary Retention | 8 |
| Spinal Headache | 9 |
| Other | 7 |
| Hematoma | 5 |
| Early Fracture ( < 6 months) | 4 |
| Late Fracture ( > 6 months) | 4 |
| Femoral Component Shift | 4 |
| Anxiety Attack | 3 |
| GI Bleed | 2 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 2 |
| Unexplained Pain/Swelling | 3 |
| Severe Constipation/Diarrhea | 2 |
| Abductor Tear | 2 |
| Wound Dehiscence | 1 |
| Early Infection | 1 |
| Fascia Failure | 2 |
Implant Survivorship – Includes ALL implant types*: 7000 cases over 20 years
*unless noted otherwise in each graph
Survivorship of hip resurfacing continues to improve as we gain more experience and identify measures to prevent failures. These survivorship curves give the reader an opportunity to see what the odds are that their implant will still be functioning at some time point after implantation.
We present three Kaplan-Meier survivorship curves: all implant groups, Biomet implants grouped by age, and Biomet implants grouped by sex. Unlike THR, HRA survivorship does not vary by age (overall 99.1% 16-year implant for both age groups).
Most failures occur in the first 1-2 years. If you make it to one year, your implant survivorship at 13 years is 99.6%. If you make it to 2 years, it is 99.8%. Dr. Gross' uncemented resurfacing implant survivorship beats all registry benchmarks for THR regardless of age or sex.
In our recent multicenter international study (27 HRA centers in 13 countries), over 11,000 cases in patients under age 50 with multiple different metal-on-metal HRA brands showed a 90% 20-year implant survivorship (93% in men and 81% in women). For comparison, THA registries show approximately 80% implant survivorship at 10 years and 50% at 20 years in this age group.
There have been no instances of adverse metal wear from any surgeries performed after 2009.
There is no difference in survivorship or raw failure rate based on age, unlike the typical pattern found at many other surgery centers.
The implant survivorship data reported here far surpasses joint implant registry data from Britain, Sweden, and Australia (for both THR and HRA) where these types of data are kept. These are publicly available, and you can get access them online for free. Registry data can be thought of as average surgeon implant survivorship for purposes of a benchmark. But the most important factor in the outcome of any operation is individual surgeon skill. It is hard to know at which level a surgeon you are considering can perform. Anecdotal reports from a few patients or reputation are a poor substitute for data. Few surgeons provide written data such as I do.
Remember, implant survivorship is not the only factor that needs to be considered in deciding between THR and HRA. Other proven advantages of HRA include better functional outcomes, less residual thigh pain, fewer dislocations, bone preservation, and longer life expectancy.
Among Dr. Gross’ patient cohort, 98.7% report being satisfied with their surgery at 2 years postoperative. After all revisions, reoperations, and complications are accounted for, there are still approximately 3.4% of patients who experience moderate unexplained residual pain after HRA. The risk of moderate residual unexplained pain in THR is 20%. This means we cannot determine a specific reason why they are not satisfied. Some may have referred pain from their back, sacroiliac joint, or from soft tissue problems we are unable to diagnose.
In a THR thigh pain from the stem is a common cause of residual pain. Residual pain is a highly subjective data point. It may just represent the fact that HRA does not result in a normal hip. One person’s insignificant pain may be graded as moderate by another. If we can’t diagnose a cause of pain, we don’t recommend revision surgery for “unexplained” pain. If a revision is still performed, sometimes a patient improves, but most often they subject themselves to the risk of revision surgery and do not improve. There is no measurable difference in the speed of recovery between THR and HRA.
Since 2007 Dr. Gross has used primarily the Biomet Recap / Magnum uncemented metal-on-metal hip resurfacing system. The majority of the data presented here is for this system. The FDA has approved these implants for sale in the US. They are however NOT approved for use as a total hip resurfacing combination. Dr. Gross uses them for this “off-label” purpose.
The FDA regulates implant companies. The FDA does not regulate doctors. Once an implant is approved for sale, it can be used for any purpose that a doctor feels is best. When an implant company gets FDA approval for an implant, the company may only market and promote this implant for the “indication” that they have received from the FDA.
This is true even if there are scientific papers that demonstrate that this implant is safe and effective when used differently. Companies don’t generally want to spend the effort and expense to gain new “indications” from the FDA because doctors can already use them however they like and doctors generally rely on their own experience as well as scientific publication by their peers, rather than FDA guidelines. There are many examples of drugs and implants whose primary current use is not the original FDA “indication”. Basically, the FDA regulates drug and implant companies conduct, but has no jurisdiction over doctors. We have the education, training, and experience to use an implant or drug for whatever purpose we think is best.
This is a perfectly legal and common practice. I am not even required to disclose off-label use to patients. I chose to do so because metal-metal resurfacing is a highly controversial practice. I use the Biomet Recap/Magnum in an off-label fashion and have the best implant survivorship in the published literature. If you prefer a device that is FDA “indicated” for metal-metal resurfacing, I would be happy to use the Smith-Nephew Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) device for you. It is the most used hip resurfacing device in the world market and has been studied the most.
But I can only implant this in men with a bearing size of greater than 48mm. These fit most men. Smaller sizes have been removed from the market and the manufacturer has placed a warning on the label against use in women. I have excellent outcomes in smaller-sized implants (with the Biomet system which is very similar in design) and in women and completely disagree with the manufacturer on this topic.
However, they simply do not supply the smaller sizes any longer. Even in women who need larger sizes, the manufacturer's labeling makes me unwilling to risk this due to our overly litigious country. In my opinion, the BHR has similar outcomes at 10 years in men with OA and good bone. Because of the cemented femoral fixation, it does not do as well in anyone with weak bone or bone defects (osteonecrosis, cysts) on the femoral side.
Past results do not guarantee future complication rates. Although the above represent the most common complications associated with this procedure, others could also occur. We continue to strive to make improvements and hope that these complication rates can be further decreased as we gain even more experience.
- Dr. Gross is the operating surgeon (No trainee will perform your operation).
- Dr. Gross developed the Biomet implants but no longer receives royalties for these implants.
- Biomet Recap and Magnum components are FDA-approved. Use as a total hip resurfacing is however considered off-label.
- Information from your treatment is used for research purposes, but you will not be identified.
If you have any questions about the above information, please don’t hesitate to ask.